A Seal of Pharaoh Peribsen (in tomb P [redacted]
The first known sentence of Ancient Egypt (other than a name)
date: dyn. 2, reign of Peribsen
-- Drawing [= IÄF III, no. 368], bottom left - (200 KB): URL
-- Hieroglyphic text and short commentary by Francesco Raffaele: URL
-- Hieroglyphic text in WinGlyph notation, transcription, English translation
and commentary in posting of Michael Tilgner to AEL on May 27, 1998: URL
A Seal of Pharaoh Peribsen (in tomb P [redacted] The first known sentence of Ancient Egypt (other than a name) date: dyn. 2, reign of Peribsen -- Drawing [= IÄF III, no. 368], bottom left - (200 KB): URL -- Hieroglyphic text and short commentary by Francesco Raffaele: URL -- Hieroglyphic text in WinGlyph notation, transcription, English translation and commentary in posting of Michael Tilgner to AEL on May 27, 1998: URL The Inscriptions in the Tomb of mTn / Metjen (Berlin 1105) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 3, reign of Snefru Consisting of title sequences and excerpts from legal and administrative documents. -- Photographs of some scenes and inscriptions in the exhibition catalog: L'art égyptien au temps des pyramides, Paris, 1999, pp. 176-178 -- Drawings of the inscriptions in: LD II, 3-7: URL -- Hieroglyphic text in: Urk. I, 1-7: URL -- English translation in: James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, sections 170-175: URL -- Hieroglyphic text, French translation and discussion by Eugène Revillout, Nouvelle étude juridico-économique sur les inscriptions d'Amten et les origines du droit égyptien, in: Journal asiatique, sér. 10, vol. 6, pp. 473-508 (1905): URL -- French translation by: Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, pp. 83-88 -- German translation by: Karin Barbara Gödecken, Eine Betrachtung der Inschriften des Meten im Rahmen der sozialen und rechtlichen Stellung von Privatleuten im ägyptischen Alten Reich, Wiesbaden, 1976, pp. 1-45 -- Discussion of Metjen's titles in: Wolfgang Helck, Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit, Wiesbaden, 1987, pp. 268-274 The Inscriptions of the Statue of mTn / Metjen (Berlin 1106) (27/7/12) date: date: dyn. 3, reign of Snefru -- Drawings of the statue and its inscriptions - name and titles: LD II, 120 a-e: URL The Cannibal Hymn (PT Utterances 273-274) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 5 -- Hieroglyphic text in: Kurt Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte nach den Papierabdrücken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, vol. 1, Leipzig, 1908, pp. 205-216; (first page): URL -- Photograph of the Unas version based on: Alexandre Piankoff, The Pyramid of Unas, Princeton, 1968, pls. 28-30 - read cols. 1-29 from right to left: URL -- English translation based on Faulkner, Piankoff and Speleer: URL A French translation (partial) based on this: URL -- English translation by Samuel A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, vol. I, New York / London / Toronto, 1952, pp. 92-95: URL -- German translation by Erik Hornung, Altägyptische Dichtung, Stuttgart, 1996, pp. 113-116: URL -- Hieroglyphic text and French translation by: Gaston Maspero, Les inscriptions des pyramides de Saqqarah, Paris, 1894, pp. 67-70: URL -- French translation in: Louis Speleers, Les Textes des Pyramides Egyptiennes (Bruxelles, 1923), pp. 30-31: URL -- Spanish translation in: Francisco López, Rosa Thode, Los textos de las pirámides, 2003, pp. 72-75 [98-101 of the pdf-file] - complete pdf-file: 2.1 MB: URL -- recently: Christopher Eyre, The Cannibal Hymn. A Cultural and Literary Study, Liverpool, 2002 The Annal Stone (27/7/12) date: 5th dyn., reign of Neferirkare (date of original composition; the stone itself may may be dated to the 25th dyn., according to Helck) Lettering [ ] according to Wilkinson (see below). a) The Palermo Stone (Palermo Museo archeologico 1028) [PS] -- A. Pellegrini, Nota sopra un'iscrizione egizia del Museo di Palermo, in: Archivio storico siciliano, nueva serie, anno 20, pp. 297-316 (1896), 3 pls. - (pdf-file, whole issue: 36 MB): URL This article has two nice drawings of the Palermo Stone, pp. 583 and 585 of the pdf-file. -- Photographs, drawings of the different sections, German translation and commentary by Heinrich Schäfer, Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen, 41 pp., 2 pls., in: APAW, philos.-hist. Kl., Jahrgang 1902, Berlin, 1902 [begins p. 483 of the pdf-file] - pdf-file (whole issue: 29 MB): URL -- Photograph (recto) only [= pl. I] - 320 KB: URL -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 235-249 [4th and 5th dyn. only; including CF1 - CF4]: URL -- English translation in: James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, sections 76-167: URL -- English translation in: Nigel C. Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age, Atlanta, 2005, pp. 65-74 [4th and 5th dyn. only], (partly) online readable at: URL -- French translation in: Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, pp. 36-52 [including other fragments] b) The Cairo Fragments 1 - 4 (JE 44859, JE 39735, JE 39734, JE 44860) [CF1 - CF4] -- Photographs, typeset hieroglyphic text, French translation and commentary by Henri Gauthier, Quatre nouveaux fragments de la pierre de Palerme, in: G.Maspero, Le Musée égyptien: recueil de monuments et de notices sur les fouilles d'Egypte, vol. III, Le Caire, 1915, pp. 29-53, pls. XXIV-XXXI: URL -- Photograph of CF2 (25 KB): URL -- Photograph of CF3 (26 KB): URL -- Photograph of CF4 (22 KB): URL -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 235-249 [see above]: URL c) The London Fragment (UC 15508) [LF] -- Photographs of LF recto and verso: URL -- Photograph of LF recto with roll-over translation: URL -- William Matthew Flinders Petrie, New Portions of the Annals, in: Ancient Egypt, vol. III, pp. 114-120 (1916) [article begins on p. 564 of the pdf-file, foldout not scanned properly; LF recto only]: URL -- Photograph, drawing and English translation of LF verso by C.N. Reeves, A Fragment of Fifth Dynasty Annals at University College London, in: GM, no. 32, pp. 47-52 (1979) d) The Cairo Fragment 5 (JE 18220) [CF5] -- Photograph (28 KB): URL -- Jean-Louis de Cenival, Un nouveau fragment de la Pierre de Palerme, in: BSFE, no. 44, pp. 13-17 (1965) e) Basic book on the theme (combines for the first time all seven of the fragments): Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Royals Annals of Ancient Egypt. The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, London/New York, 2000 [includes line drawings of all fragments, no photographs] The Decree of Neferirkare (Boston, MFA 03.1896) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 5, reign of Neferirkare "... decree forbidding interference with the priests or with the temple income ..." -- Photograph (zoomable): URL -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 170-172: URL -- Drawing and English translation by Nigel C. Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age, Atlanta, 2005, pp. 98-101, online readable at: URL -- Hieroglyphic text, French translation and commentary by Gaston Maspero, Sur une stèle d'Ousirkhâou, in: Gaston Maspero, Études de mythologie et d'archéologie, vol. VIII, Paris, 1916, pp. 199-203 [originally published in Recueil de travaux, vol. 26, pp. 236-238 (1904)]: URL -- Drawing, French translation and commentary by A. Moret, Chartes d'immunité dans l'Ancien Empire égyptien (troisième partie), in: Journal asiatique, série 11, vol. 10, pp. 359-447, this decree: pp. 428-436, drawing on pl. VI [between pp. 428-429]: URL -- Drawing, German translation and commentary by Hans Goedicke, Königliche Dokumente aus dem Alten Reich, Wiesbaden, 1967, pp. 22-36 Three Letters of Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi (27/7/12) date: dyn. 5, reign of Djedkare Isesi a) First letter to Senedjemib (Giza G 2370) [A 2] -- Drawing in: LD II, 76d. LD II, 76: URL -- Hieroglyphic text in: Urk. I, 60,12 - 61,14: URL -- English translation by James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, section 271: URL -- English translation by Edward Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, no. 4, p. 19 -- Drawings, transcription, English translation, and commentary by Edward Brovarski, The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1, Boston, 2001, pp. 92-94: URL -- French translation by Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, § 93, p. 125 -- Transcription and German translation by I. Hafemann (Thesaurus linguae aegyptiae; registration required): URL b) Second letter to Senedjemib (Giza G 2370) [B 2] -- Drawing in: LD II, 76f [see under a] -- Hieroglyphic text in: Urk. I, 62,13-63,11 [see under a] -- English translation by James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, section 273 [see under a] -- English translation by Edward Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, no. 3, pp. 18-19 -- Drawings, transcription, English translation, and commentary by Edward Brovarski, The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1, Boston, 2001, pp. 96-101 [see under a] -- French translation by Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, § 95, p. 126 -- Transcription and German translation by I. Hafemann (Thesaurus linguae aegyptiae; registration required): URL c) Letter to Rashepses (Saqqara mastaba) -- Hieroglyphic text in: Urk. I, 179,8-180,10 [see under a] -- English translation by Edward Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, no. 2, p. 18 -- French translation by Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, § 58, pp. 78-79 -- Transcription and German translation by I. Hafemann (Thesaurus linguae aegyptiae; registration required): URL d) Basic work on the theme: -- Eckhard Eichler, Untersuchungen zu den Königsbriefen des Alten Reiches, SAK, vol. 18, pp. 141-171 (1991) - includes drawings of all inscriptions, including one of a letter of Pepi II to Harkhuf, German translations, and commentary The Pyramid Texts (27/7/12) date: dyn. 5-6, also later versions -- LÄ V, 14-23, s.v. "Pyramidentexte" -- Contemporary report about the discovery: "Nouvelles explorations dans les Pyramides d'Égypte", in: La Nature. Revue des sciences et leurs applications aux arts et à l'industrie, vol. 9, p. 415 (1881): URL -- Audran Labrousse, Les Textes des Pyramides (2002): URL -- Short bibliography: URL a) Collection of pyramid texts -- Typeset hieroglyphic text and French translation by: Gaston Maspero, Les inscriptions des pyramides de Saqqarah, Paris, 1894. 458 p., pls. First translation of the pyramid texts (Ounas, Teti, Pepi I, Mirinrî I, Pepi II): URL -- Hieroglyphic text (Unas, Teti, Pepi I, Merenre, Neferkare Pepi II) in: Kurt Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte, nach den Papierabdrücken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, neu herausgegeben und erläutert, Leipzig, 1908-1910 [only vols. 1-2 out of 4]. XVI, 508 pp.; IV, 543 pp. - low and high resolution images available (ca. 130 KB and 300 KB per page resp.) vol. 1: URL vol. 2: URL -- English translation by Samuel A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, vol. I, New York / London / Toronto, 1952. 320 pp.: URL "The famous Pyramid Texts herein translated for the first time in English ... are those of the kings Unis of the Fifth Dynasty, and Teti, Pepi I, Merenre' and Pepi II of the Sixth Dynasty. To this translation has been added that of recently discovered additional texts, parallel and complementary, in the pyramids of Oudjebten, Neit, and Apouit, queens of Pepi II, and of Ibi, a king of the Seventh Dynasty ..." -- English translation by R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Oxford, 1969 -- English translation by James Allen, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (SBL, 2005). This is the modern standard translation. For some countries a free copy is available at SBL: URL Some critical notes in: Timofey T. Shmakov, Critical Analysis of J. P. Allen's "The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts"(2012) - URL -- Spanish translation by: Francisco López, Rosa Thode, Los textos de las pirámides, 2003 - pdf-file: 2.1 MB: URL -- Older French translation: Louis Speleers, Les Textes des Pyramides égyptiennes, 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1923-1924. Tome premier: Traduction, Bruxelles, 1923. - V, 127 autographed pp., and Tome deuxième: Vocabulaire, Bruxelles, 1924. - II, 128 autographed pp. [bound together] - pdf-file (21.3 MB) [PDF]: URL b) Unas version [W] -- Photographs [based on: Alexandre Piankoff, The Pyramid of Unas, Princeton, 1968] and English translation compiled by J.D. Degreef [from translations by R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford, 1969; Alexandre Piankoff, The Pyramid of Unas, Princeton, 1968; Louis Speleers, Traduction, index et vocabulaire des Textes des Pyramides égyptiennes, Bruxelles, [1934]]: URL -- Transcription, French translation and commentary by Raphaël Bertrand, Les Textes de la Pyramide d'Ounas, vols. 1-2, Beuvrages, 2004-2005 -- English translation, by philosopher Wim van den Dungen: URL -- Transcription and German translation, by Doris Topmann [Thesaurus linguae aegyptiae; registration required]: URL c) Pepi I version [P] -- Hieroglyphic text in: Jean Leclant, Catherine Berger-el Naggar, Bernard Mathieu, Isabelle Pierre-Croisiau, Les textes de la pyramide de Pépy Ier, vol. 1: Description et analyse, vol. 2: Fac-similés, Le Caire, 2001 d) Ankhesenpepy II version -- Dobrev Vassil, Labrousse Audran, Mathieu Bernard, La dixième pyramide à textes de Saqqâra: Ânkhesenpépy II. Rapport préliminaire, in: BIFAO, vol. 100, pp. 275-296 (2000): URL The False Door of Mehu in his tomb in Saqqara (27/7/12) date: dyn. 6, reign of Teti -- Large photograph in: Regine Schulz, Matthias Seidel (eds.), Ägypten. Die Welt der Pharaonen, Köln, 1997, p. 8 [there are also editions in other languages] -- Transcription and German translation by S. Grunert (Thesaurus linguae aegyptiae; registration required): URL -- General info about the tomb of Mehu: URL -- Book on the theme: Hartwig Altenmüller, Die Wanddarstellung im Grab des Mehu in Saqqara, Mainz 1998, pp. 198-202, pl. 75 The Decree of Pepi I for the Pyramid City of Snofru (Berlin 17500) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 6, reign of Pepi I -- Drawing and French translation in: Alexandre Moret, Chartes d'immunité dans l'Ancien Empire égyptien [troisième partie], in: Journal asiatique, série 11, vol. 10, pp. 359-447 (1917) - section "II. Texte de Dahchour. Charte d'immunité de Pepi Ier", pp. 387-427; pls. V-VI [between pp. 388-389 and 402-403 resp.]: URL -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 209-213: URL -- Drawing, German translation and commentary by Hans Goedicke, Königliche Dokumente aus dem Alten Reich, Wiesbaden, 1967, pp. 55-77 The Autobiography of Weni the Elder (CG 1435) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 6, reign of Merenre -- Color photograph in: Marc Desti (ed.), Des dieux, des tombeaux, un savant: En Egypte, sur les pas de Mariette pacha, Paris, 2004, pp. 186-187 -- B/W photographs in: G. Maspero, E. Grébaut, Le Musée égyptien: recueil de monuments et de notices sur les fouilles d'Egypte, vol. I, Le Caire, 1890-1900, pls. XXVII-XVIII, comments on pp. 25-26: URL, or URL, or URL -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 98-110: URL -- Drawing [based on: Patrizia Piacentini, L'autobiografia di Uni, principe e governatore dell-alto Egitto, Pisa, 1990, pp. 10-12], hieroglyphic text, transcription and English translation with commentary [AEL]: URL -- English translation in: James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, sections 291-294, 306-315, 319-324: URL also: URL -- English translation [= Lichtheim I, 18-23]: URL, URL -- French translation in: Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, pp. 187-197 -- German translation: Tobias Hofmann, Die Autobiographie des Uni von Abydos, in: Lingua Aegyptia, vol. 10, pp. 225-237 (2002) -- recently: Mahmoud el-Khadragy, Some Palaeographical Features of Weni's Biography, in: GM 188, pp. 61-72 (2002) - includes a drawing of the inscription. -- About the excavation of Weni's tomb in Abydos by Janet Richards: URL, URL -- recently: Janet E. Richards, Text and Context in late Old Kingdom Egypt: The Archaeology and Historiography of Weni the Elder, in: JARCE, vol. 39, pp. 75-102 (2004) The Letter of Pepi II to Harkhuf (in his tomb in Qubbet el-Hawa, no. 34) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 6, reign of Pepi II -- Photograph in: Rosalie David, Ägypten. Kunstschätze am Nil, Hamburg, 1981, p. 181 -- Hieroglyphic text: Urk. I, 129-131: URL -- English translation in: James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, sections 350-354: URL; also: URL -- English translation [= Lichtheim I, 26-27]: URL -- English translation (partial), also as an audio-file (RealPlayer): URL -- French translation in: Claire Lalouette, Textes sacrés et textes profanes de l'ancienne Égypte, Paris, 1984 -- Transliteration and German translation in: Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA): URL -- Bibliography: URL -- recently: Eckhard Eichler, Untersuchungen zu den Königsbriefen des Alten Reiches, SAK, vol. 18, pp. 152-155 (1991) - includes a drawing of the inscription The Autobiography of Pepinakht called Heqaib in his tomb in Qubbet el-Hawa (QH 35) (27/7/12) date: dyn. 6, reign of Pepi II -- LÄ IV, 929, s.v. "Pepinacht" -- Hieroglyphic text in: Urk. I, 131-135: URL -- English translation by James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, Chicago, 1906, sections 355-360: URL -- English translation by Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom, Freiburg / Göttingen, 1988, pp. 15-16 -- French translation by Alessandro Roccati, La littérature historique sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien, Paris, 1982, pp. 208-211 -- Transcription and German translation by Rolf Gundlach, Die Zwangsumsiedlung auswärtiger Bevölkerung als Mittel ägyptischer Politik bis zum Ende des Mittleren Reiches, Stuttgart, 1994, pp. 204-205 [without the titles] The Instruction of Kagemni (pPrisse 1,1 - 2,9) (27/7/12) date: likely dyn. 6 -- Hieroglyphic text and English translation, by philosopher Wim van den Dungen: URL -- Hieroglyphic text, transliteration and German translation by 'Astrodoc': URL -- Bibliography, transliteration and German translation, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae: URL -- Transliteration and Spanish translation, by Ángel Sánchez Rodríguez: URL -- English translations by Joseph Kaster, The Wisdom of Ancient Egypt: Writings from the Time of the Pharaohs, New York, 1968 and by Alan H. Gardiner, The instruction addressed to Kagemni and his brethren, in: JEA, vol. 32, pp. 71-74 (1946): URL The Instruction of Ptahhotep (27/7/12) date: likely dyn. 6 -- Photographs of the Hieratic text of pPrisse: URL -- Photographs of the Hieratic text of BM 10371 and BM 10435: URLURL (and following pages) -- English translation, by philosopher Wim van den Dungen: URL -- Transliteration and English translation (pPrisse) at UCL: URL -- English translation, from Lichtheim I, 61-80: URL -- Hieroglyphic text, transliteration and German translation, by 'Astrodoc': URL -- German translation by Erik Hornung, Altägyptische Dichtung, Stuttgart, 1996, pp. 59-72 (partial): URL -- The standard edition is: Zbynek Zaba, Les maximes de Ptahhotep, Praha, 1956; before that there was: Eugène Dévaud, Les maximes de Ptahhotep: d'après le Papyrus Prisse, les Papyrus 10371/10435 et 10509 du British museum, et la Tablette Carnarvon. Fribourg, 1916 -- Recent book on the topic: Friedrich Junge, Die Lehre Ptahhoteps und die Tugenden der ägyptischen Welt, 2003 (OBO 193). -- Recent book on the topic: F. Hagen, An Ancient Egyptian Literary Text in Context: The Instruction of Ptahhotep. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 218. Peeters Publishers, 2012. The Teaching for King Merikare (27/7/12) date of composition: dyn. 9-10 or dyn. 12 (Quack); date of the papyri: late dyn. 18 -- LÄ III, 986-989, s.v. "Lehre für Merikare" -- English translation, by philosopher Wim van den Dungen: URL -- English translation: Lichtheim I, 97-109 -- English translation by Vincent A. Tobin in: William Kelly Simpson (ed.) The Literature of Ancient Egypt, 3rd ed.,New Haven and London, 2003, pp. 152-165 -- German translation by Hellmut Brunner, Altägyptische Weisheit. Lehren für das Leben, Zürich / München, 1988, pp. 137-154; excerpts: URL -- Spanish translation by Juan de la Torre Suárez and Teresa Soria Trastoy: URL a) pPetersburg 1116 A verso -- Hieroglyphic text in: W. Golénischeff, Les papyrus hiératiques 1115, 1116A et 1116B de l'Ermitage impérial à Saint Pétersbourg, St.-Pétersbourg, 1913, pls. 9-14 -- English translation [= by R. O. Faulkn… truncated (122,416 more characters in archive)
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